path: root/tools/info.h

//
// info.h: metadata extraction utilities
//
// Copyright (c) 2021 - 2023, Přemysl Eric Janouch <p@janouch.name>
//
// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
// purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
// WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY
// SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
// WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
// CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
//

#include <jv.h>

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

// --- TIFF/Exif ---------------------------------------------------------------

#include "tiff-tables.h"
#include "tiffer.h"

// TODO(p): Consider if these can't be inlined into `tiff_entries`.
static struct {
	uint16_t tag;
	struct tiff_entry *entries;
} tiff_subifds[] = {
	{330, tiff_entries},   // SubIFDs
	{34665, exif_entries},  // Exif IFD Pointer
	{34853, exif_gps_entries},  // GPS Info IFD Pointer
	{40965, exif_interoperability_entries},  // Interoperability IFD Pointer
	{}
};

// --- Utilities ---------------------------------------------------------------

#define u64be tiffer_u64be
#define u32be tiffer_u32be
#define u16be tiffer_u16be
#define u64le tiffer_u64le
#define u32le tiffer_u32le
#define u16le tiffer_u16le

static char *
binhex(const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
{
	static const char *alphabet = "0123456789abcdef";
	char *buf = calloc(1, len * 2 + 1), *p = buf;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		*p++ = alphabet[data[i] >> 4];
		*p++ = alphabet[data[i] & 0xF];
	}
	return buf;
}

// --- Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------

static jv
add_to_subarray(jv o, const char *key, jv value)
{
	// Invalid values are not allocated, and we use up any valid one.
	// Beware that jv_get() returns jv_null() rather than jv_invalid().
	// Also, the header comment is lying, jv_is_valid() doesn't unreference.
	jv a = jv_object_get(jv_copy(o), jv_string(key));
	return jv_set(o, jv_string(key),
		jv_is_valid(a) ? jv_array_append(a, value) : JV_ARRAY(value));
}

static jv
add_warning(jv o, const char *message)
{
	return add_to_subarray(o, "warnings", jv_string(message));
}

static jv
add_error(jv o, const char *message)
{
	return jv_object_set(o, jv_string("error"), jv_string(message));
}

// Forward declaration.
static jv parse_jpeg(jv o, const uint8_t *p, size_t len);

// --- Exif --------------------------------------------------------------------

static jv parse_exif_ifd(struct tiffer *T, const struct tiff_entry *info);

static bool
parse_exif_subifds_entry(const struct tiffer *T,
	const struct tiffer_entry *entry, struct tiffer *subT)
{
	int64_t offset = 0;
	return tiffer_integer(T, entry, &offset) &&
		offset >= 0 && offset <= UINT32_MAX && tiffer_subifd(T, offset, subT);
}

static jv
parse_exif_subifds(const struct tiffer *T, struct tiffer_entry *entry,
	struct tiff_entry *info)
{
	struct tiffer subT = {};
	if (!parse_exif_subifds_entry(T, entry, &subT))
		return jv_null();

	jv a = jv_array();
	do a = jv_array_append(a, parse_exif_ifd(&subT, info));
	while (tiffer_next_ifd(&subT));

	// The chain should correspond to the values in the entry (see TIFF
	// Technical Note 1: "the NextIFD value of Child #1 must point to Child #2,
	// and so on"), but at least some Nikon NEFs do not follow this rule.
	if (jv_array_length(jv_copy(a)) == 1) {
		while (tiffer_next_value(entry) &&
			parse_exif_subifds_entry(T, entry, &subT))
			a = jv_array_append(a, parse_exif_ifd(&subT, info));
	}
	return a;
}

static jv
parse_exif_ascii(struct tiffer_entry *entry)
{
	// Adobe XMP Specification Part 3: Storage in Files, 2020/1, 2.4.2
	// The text may in practice contain any 8-bit encoding, but likely UTF-8.
	// TODO(p): Validate UTF-8, and assume Latin 1 if unsuccessful.
	jv a = jv_array();
	uint8_t *nul = 0;
	while ((nul = memchr(entry->p, 0, entry->remaining_count))) {
		size_t len = nul - entry->p;
		a = jv_array_append(a, jv_string_sized((const char *) entry->p, len));
		entry->remaining_count -= len + 1;
		entry->p += len + 1;
	}

	// Trailing NULs are required, but let's extract everything.
	if (entry->remaining_count) {
		a = jv_array_append(a,
			jv_string_sized((const char *) entry->p, entry->remaining_count));
	}
	return a;
}

static jv
parse_exif_undefined(struct tiffer_entry *entry)
{
	// Sometimes, it can be ASCII, but the safe bet is to hex-encode it.
	char *buf = binhex(entry->p, entry->remaining_count);
	jv s = jv_string(buf);
	free(buf);
	return s;
}

static jv
parse_exif_value(const struct tiff_value *values, double real)
{
	if (values) {
		for (; values->name; values++)
			if (values->value == real)
				return jv_string(values->name);
	}
	return jv_number(real);
}
static jv
parse_exif_extract_sole_array_element(jv a)
{
	return jv_array_length(jv_copy(a)) == 1 ? jv_array_get(a, 0) : a;
}

static jv
parse_exif_entry(jv o, const struct tiffer *T, struct tiffer_entry *entry,
	const struct tiff_entry *info)
{
	const struct tiff_entry *info_begin = info;
	static struct tiff_entry empty[] = {{}};
	if (!info)
		info = empty;

	for (; info->name; info++)
		if (info->tag == entry->tag)
			break;

	struct tiff_entry *subentries = NULL;
	for (size_t i = 0; tiff_subifds[i].tag; i++)
		if (tiff_subifds[i].tag == entry->tag)
			subentries = tiff_subifds[i].entries;

	jv v = jv_true();
	double real = 0;
	if (!entry->remaining_count) {
		v = jv_null();
	} else if (entry->type == TIFFER_IFD || subentries) {
		v = parse_exif_subifds(T, entry, subentries);
	} else if (entry->type == TIFFER_ASCII) {
		v = parse_exif_extract_sole_array_element(parse_exif_ascii(entry));
	} else if (entry->type == TIFFER_UNDEFINED && !info->values) {
		// Several Exif entries of UNDEFINED type contain single-byte numbers.
		v = parse_exif_undefined(entry);
	} else if (info_begin == tiff_entries && entry->tag == TIFF_XMP &&
		(entry->type == TIFFER_UNDEFINED || entry->type == TIFFER_BYTE)) {
		v = jv_string_sized((const char *) entry->p, entry->remaining_count);
	} else if (tiffer_real(T, entry, &real)) {
		v = jv_array();
		do v = jv_array_append(v, parse_exif_value(info->values, real));
		while (tiffer_next_value(entry) && tiffer_real(T, entry, &real));
		v = parse_exif_extract_sole_array_element(v);
	}

	if (info->name)
		return jv_set(o, jv_string(info->name), v);
	return jv_set(o, jv_string_fmt("%u", entry->tag), v);
}

static jv
parse_exif_ifd(struct tiffer *T, const struct tiff_entry *info)
{
	int64_t compression = 0,
		jpeg = 0, jpeg_length = 0, strip_offsets = 0, strip_byte_counts = 0;

	jv ifd = jv_object();
	struct tiffer_entry entry = {};
	while (tiffer_next_entry(T, &entry)) {
		switch (entry.tag) {
		case TIFF_Compression:
			tiffer_integer(T, &entry, &compression);
			break;
		case TIFF_JPEGInterchangeFormat:
			tiffer_integer(T, &entry, &jpeg);
			break;
		case TIFF_JPEGInterchangeFormatLength:
			tiffer_integer(T, &entry, &jpeg_length);
			break;
		case TIFF_StripOffsets:
			tiffer_integer(T, &entry, &strip_offsets);
			break;
		case TIFF_StripByteCounts:
			tiffer_integer(T, &entry, &strip_byte_counts);
			break;
		}

		ifd = parse_exif_entry(ifd, T, &entry, info);
	}

	// This is how Exif specifies it, which doesn't follow TIFF 6.0.
	// Also support CR2 IFD1, which isn't tagged with compression at all.
	if (info == tiff_entries && /* compression == TIFF_Compression_JPEG && */
		jpeg > 0 && jpeg_length > 0 &&
		jpeg + jpeg_length <= (T->end - T->begin)) {
		ifd = jv_set(ifd, jv_string("JPEG image data"),
			parse_jpeg(
				jv_object(), T->begin + jpeg, jpeg_length));
	}

	// As specified by DRAFT TIFF Technical Note 2 + TIFFphotoshop.pdf.
	// Theoretically, there may be more strips, but this is not expected.
	// Also support CR2 IFD0, which is tagged with the "wrong" compression.
	if (info == tiff_entries &&
		(compression == TIFF_Compression_JPEGDatastream ||
			compression == TIFF_Compression_JPEG) &&
		strip_offsets > 0 && strip_byte_counts > 0 &&
		strip_offsets + strip_byte_counts <= (T->end - T->begin)) {
		ifd = jv_set(ifd, jv_string("JPEG image data"),
			parse_jpeg(
				jv_object(), T->begin + strip_offsets, strip_byte_counts));
	}
	return ifd;
}

static jv
parse_exif(jv o, const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
{
	struct tiffer T = {};
	if (!tiffer_init(&T, p, len))
		return add_warning(o, "invalid Exif");
	while (tiffer_next_ifd(&T))
		o = add_to_subarray(o, "Exif", parse_exif_ifd(&T, tiff_entries));
	return o;
}

static bool
detect_tiff(const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
{
	return tiffer_init(&(struct tiffer) {}, p, len);
}

// TODO(p): Photoshop data and ICC profiles also have their tag in TIFF,
// they're not currently processed.
static jv
parse_tiff(jv o, const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
{
	struct tiffer T = {};
	if (!tiffer_init(&T, p, len))
		return add_warning(o, "invalid TIFF");
	while (tiffer_next_ifd(&T))
		o = add_to_subarray(o, "TIFF", parse_exif_ifd(&T, tiff_entries));
	return o;
}

// --- Photoshop Image Resources -----------------------------------------------
// Adobe XMP Specification Part 3: Storage in Files, 2020/1, 1.1.3 + 3.1.3
// https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/
// Unless otherwise noted, the descriptions are derived from the above document.

static struct {
	uint16_t id;
	const char *description;
} psir_descriptions[] = {
	{1000, "Number of channels, rows, columns, depth, mode"},
	{1001, "Macintosh print manager print info record"},
	{1002, "Macintosh page format information"},
	{1003, "Indexed color table"},
	{1005, "Resolution information"},
	{1006, "Names of alpha channels (Pascal strings)"},
	{1007, "Display information"},
	{1008, "Caption (Pascal string)"},  // XMP Part 3 3.3.3
	{1009, "Border information"},
	{1010, "Background color"},
	{1011, "Print flags"},
	{1012, "Grayscale and multichannel halftoning information"},
	{1013, "Color halftoning information"},
	{1014, "Duotone halftoning information"},
	{1015, "Grayscale and multichannel transfer function"},
	{1016, "Color transfer functions"},
	{1017, "Duotone transfer functions"},
	{1018, "Duotone image information"},
	{1019, "Effective B/W values for the dot range"},
	{1020, "Caption"},  // XMP Part 3 3.3.3
	{1021, "EPS options"},
	{1022, "Quick Mask information"},
	{1023, "(Obsolete)"},
	{1024, "Layer state information"},
	{1025, "Working path (not saved)"},
	{1026, "Layers group information"},
	{1027, "(Obsolete)"},
	{1028, "IPTC DataSets"},  // XMP Part 3 3.3.3
	{1029, "Image mode for raw format files"},
	{1030, "JPEG quality"},
	{1032, "Grid and guides information"},
	{1033, "Thumbnail resource"},
	{1034, "Copyright flag"},
	{1035, "Copyright information URL"},  // XMP Part 3 3.3.3
	{1036, "Thumbnail resource"},
	{1037, "Global lighting angle for effects layer"},
	{1038, "Color samplers information"},
	{1039, "ICC profile"},
	{1040, "Watermark"},
	{1041, "ICC untagged profile flag"},
	{1042, "Effects visible flag"},
	{1043, "Spot halftone"},
	{1044, "Document-specific IDs seed number"},
	{1045, "Unicode alpha names"},
	{1046, "Indexed color table count"},
	{1047, "Transparent color index"},
	{1049, "Global altitude"},
	{1050, "Slices"},
	{1051, "Workflow URL"},
	{1052, "Jump To XPEP"},
	{1053, "Alpha identifiers"},
	{1054, "URL list"},
	{1057, "Version info"},
	{1058, "Exif metadata 1"},
	{1059, "Exif metadata 3"},
	{1060, "XMP metadata"},
	{1061, "MD5 digest of IPTC data"},  // XMP Part 3 3.3.3
	{1062, "Print scale"},
	{1064, "Pixel aspect ratio"},
	{1065, "Layer comps"},
	{1066, "Alternate duotone colors"},
	{1067, "Alternate spot colors"},
	{1069, "Layer selection IDs"},
	{1070, "HDR toning information"},
	{1071, "Print info"},
	{1072, "Layer group(s) enabled ID"},
	{1073, "Color samplers"},
	{1074, "Measurement scale"},
	{1075, "Timeline information"},
	{1076, "Sheet disclosure"},
	{1077, "Display information to support floating point colors"},
	{1078, "Onion skins"},
	{1080, "Count information"},
	{1082, "Print information"},
	{1083, "Print style"},
	{1084, "Macintosh NSPrintInfo"},
	{1085, "Windows DEVMODE"},
	{1086, "Autosave file path"},
	{1087, "Autosave format"},
	{1088, "Path selection state"},
	// {2000-2997, "Saved paths"},
	{2999, "Name of clipping path"},
	{3000, "Origin path information"},
	// {4000-4999, "Plug-in resource"},
	{7000, "Image Ready variables"},
	{7001, "Image Ready data sets"},
	{7002, "Image Ready default selected state"},
	{7003, "Image Ready 7 rollover expanded state"},
	{7004, "Image Ready rollover expanded state"},
	{7005, "Image Ready save layer settings"},
	{7006, "Image Ready version"},
	{8000, "Lightroom workflow"},
	{10000, "Print flags"},
	{}
};

static jv
process_psir_thumbnail(jv res, const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
{
	uint32_t format_number   = u32be(data + 0);
	uint32_t compressed_size = u32be(data + 20);

	// TODO(p): Recurse into the thumbnail if it's a JPEG.
	jv format = jv_number(format_number);
	switch (format_number) {
	break; case 0: format = jv_string("kJpegRGB");
	break; case 1: format = jv_string("kRawRGB");
	}

	res = jv_object_merge(res, JV_OBJECT(
		jv_string("Format"),         format,
		jv_string("Width"),          jv_number(u32be(data + 4)),
		jv_string("Height"),         jv_number(u32be(data + 8)),
		jv_string("Stride"),         jv_number(u32be(data + 12)),
		jv_string("TotalSize"),      jv_number(u32be(data + 16)),
		jv_string("CompressedSize"), jv_number(compressed_size),
		jv_string("BitsPerPixel"),   jv_number(u16be(data + 24)),
		jv_string("Planes"),         jv_number(u16be(data + 26))
	));
	if (28 + compressed_size <= len) {
		char *buf = binhex(data + 28, compressed_size);
		res = jv_set(res, jv_string("Data"), jv_string(buf));
		free(buf);
	}
	return res;
}

static const char *
process_iptc_dataset(jv *a, const uint8_t **p, size_t len)
{
	const uint8_t *header = *p;
	if (len < 5)
		return "unexpected end of IPTC data";
	if (*header != 0x1c)
		return "invalid tag marker";

	uint8_t record = header[1];
	uint8_t dataset = header[2];
	uint16_t byte_count = header[3] << 8 | header[4];

	// TODO(p): Although highly unlikely to appear, we could decode it.
	if (byte_count & 0x8000)
		return "unsupported extended DataSet";
	if (len - 5 < byte_count)
		return "data overrun";

	char *buf = binhex(header + 5, byte_count);
	*p += 5 + byte_count;
	*a = jv_array_append(*a, JV_OBJECT(
		jv_string("DataSet"), jv_string_fmt("%u:%u", record, dataset),
		jv_string("Data"), jv_string(buf)
	));
	free(buf);
	return NULL;
}

static jv
process_psir_iptc(jv res, const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
{
	// https://iptc.org/standards/iim/
	// https://iptc.org/std/IIM/4.2/specification/IIMV4.2.pdf
	jv a = jv_array();
	const uint8_t *end = data + len;
	while (data < end) {
		const char *err = process_iptc_dataset(&a, &data, end - data);
		if (err) {
			a = jv_array_append(a, jv_string(err));
			break;
		}
	}
	return jv_set(res, jv_string("DataSets"), a);
}

static jv
process_psir(jv o, uint16_t resource_id, const char *name,
	const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
{
	const char *description = NULL;
	if (resource_id >= 2000 && resource_id <= 2997)
		description = "Saved paths";
	if (resource_id >= 4000 && resource_id <= 4999)
		description = "Plug-in resource";
	for (size_t i = 0; psir_descriptions[i].id; i++)
		if (psir_descriptions[i].id == resource_id)
			description = psir_descriptions[i].description;

	jv res = JV_OBJECT(
		jv_string("name"), jv_string(name),
		jv_string("id"), jv_number(resource_id),
		jv_string("description"),
			description ? jv_string(description) : jv_null(),
		jv_string("size"), jv_number(len)
	);

	// Both are thumbnails, older is BGR, newer is RGB.
	if ((resource_id == 1033 || resource_id == 1036) && len >= 28)
		res = process_psir_thumbnail(res, data, len);
	if (resource_id == 1028)
		res = process_psir_iptc(res, data, len);

	return add_to_subarray(o, "PSIR", res);
}

static jv
parse_psir_block(jv o, const uint8_t *p, size_t len, size_t *advance)
{
	*advance = 0;
	if (len < 8 || memcmp(p, "8BIM", 4))
		return add_warning(o, "bad PSIR block header");

	uint16_t resource_id = u16be(p + 4);
	uint8_t name_len = p[6];
	const uint8_t *name = &p[7];

	// Add one byte for the Pascal-ish string length prefix,
	// then another one for padding to make the length even.
	size_t name_len_full = (name_len + 2) & ~1U;

	size_t resource_len_offset = 6 + name_len_full,
		header_len = resource_len_offset + 4;
	if (len < header_len)
		return add_warning(o, "bad PSIR block header");

	uint32_t resource_len = u32be(p + resource_len_offset);
	size_t resource_len_padded = (resource_len + 1) & ~1U;
	if (resource_len_padded < resource_len ||
		len < header_len + resource_len_padded)
		return add_warning(o, "runaway PSIR block");

	char *cname = calloc(1, name_len_full);
	strncpy(cname, (const char *) name, name_len);
	o = process_psir(o, resource_id, cname, p + header_len, resource_len);
	free(cname);

	*advance = header_len + resource_len_padded;
	return o;
}

static jv
parse_psir(jv o, const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
{
	if (len == 0)
		return add_warning(o, "empty PSIR data");

	size_t advance = 0;
	while (len && (o = parse_psir_block(o, p, len, &advance), advance)) {
		p += advance;
		len -= advance;
	}
	return o;
}

// --- ICC profiles ------------------------------------------------------------
// v2 https://www.color.org/ICC_Minor_Revision_for_Web.pdf
// v4 https://www.color.org/specification/ICC1v43_2010-12.pdf

static jv
parse_icc_mluc(jv o, const uint8_t *tag, uint32_t tag_length)
{
	// v4 10.13
	if (tag_length < 16)
		return add_warning(o, "invalid ICC 'mluc' structure length");

	uint32_t count = u32be(tag + 8);
	if (count == 0)
		return add_warning(o, "unnamed ICC profile");

	// There is no particularly good reason for us to iterate, take the first.
	const uint8_t *record = tag + 16 /* + i * u32be(tag + 12) */;
	uint32_t len = u32be(&record[4]);
	uint32_t off = u32be(&record[8]);

	if (off + len > tag_length)
		return add_warning(o, "invalid ICC 'mluc' structure record");

	// Blindly assume simple ASCII, ensure NUL-termination.
	char name[len], *p = name;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len / 2; i++)
		*p++ = tag[off + i * 2 + 1];
	*p++ = 0;
	return jv_set(o, jv_string("ICC"),
		JV_OBJECT(jv_string("name"), jv_string(name),
			jv_string("version"), jv_number(4)));
}

static jv
parse_icc_desc(jv o, const uint8_t *profile, size_t profile_len,
	uint32_t tag_offset, uint32_t tag_length)
{
	const uint8_t *tag = profile + tag_offset;
	if (tag_offset + tag_length > profile_len)
		return add_warning(o, "unexpected end of ICC profile");
	if (tag_length < 4)
		return add_warning(o, "invalid ICC tag structure length");

	// v2 6.5.17
	uint32_t sig = u32be(tag);
	if (sig == 0x6D6C7563 /* mluc */)
		return parse_icc_mluc(o, profile + tag_offset, tag_length);
	if (sig != 0x64657363 /* desc */)
		return add_warning(o, "invalid ICC 'desc' structure signature");
	if (tag_length < 12)
		return add_warning(o, "invalid ICC 'desc' structure length");

	uint32_t count = u32be(tag + 8);
	if (tag_length < 12 + count)
		return add_warning(o, "invalid ICC 'desc' structure length");

	// Double-ensure a trailing NUL byte.
	char name[count + 1];
	memcpy(name, tag + 12, count);
	name[count] = 0;
	return jv_set(o, jv_string("ICC"),
		JV_OBJECT(jv_string("name"), jv_string(name),
			jv_string("version"), jv_number(2)));
}

static jv
parse_icc(jv o, const uint8_t *profile, size_t profile_len)
{
	// v2 6, v4 7
	if (profile_len < 132)
		return add_warning(o, "ICC profile too short");
	if (u32be(profile) != profile_len)
		return add_warning(o, "ICC profile size mismatch");

	// TODO(p): May decode more of the header fields, and validate them.
	// Need to check both v2 and v4, this is all fairly annoying.
	uint32_t count = u32be(profile + 128);
	if (132 + count * 12 > profile_len)
		return add_warning(o, "unexpected end of ICC profile");

	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		const uint8_t *entry = profile + 132 + i * 12;
		uint32_t sig = u32be(&entry[0]);
		uint32_t off = u32be(&entry[4]);
		uint32_t len = u32be(&entry[8]);

		// v2 6.4.32, v4 9.2.41
		if (sig == 0x64657363 /* desc */)
			return parse_icc_desc(o, profile, profile_len, off, len);
	}
	// The description is required, so this should be unreachable.
	return jv_set(o, jv_string("ICC"), jv_bool(true));
}

// --- Multi-Picture Format ----------------------------------------------------

static uint32_t
parse_mpf_mpentry(jv *a, const uint8_t *p, const struct tiffer *T)
{
	uint32_t attrs = T->un->u32(p);
	uint32_t offset = T->un->u32(p + 8);

	uint32_t type_number = attrs & 0xFFFFFF;
	jv type = jv_number(type_number);
	switch (type_number) {
	break; case 0x030000: type = jv_string("Baseline MP Primary Image");
	break; case 0x010001: type = jv_string("Large Thumbnail - VGA");
	break; case 0x010002: type = jv_string("Large Thumbnail - Full HD");
	break; case 0x020001: type = jv_string("Multi-Frame Image Panorama");
	break; case 0x020002: type = jv_string("Multi-Frame Image Disparity");
	break; case 0x020003: type = jv_string("Multi-Frame Image Multi-Angle");
	break; case 0x000000: type = jv_string("Undefined");
	}

	uint32_t format_number = (attrs >> 24) & 0x7;
	jv format = jv_number(format_number);
	if (format_number == 0)
		format = jv_string("JPEG");

	*a = jv_array_append(*a, JV_OBJECT(
		jv_string("Individual Image Attribute"), JV_OBJECT(
			jv_string("Dependent Parent Image"), jv_bool((attrs >> 31) & 1),
			jv_string("Dependent Child Image"), jv_bool((attrs >> 30) & 1),
			jv_string("Representative Image"), jv_bool((attrs >> 29) & 1),
			jv_string("Reserved"), jv_number((attrs >> 27) & 0x3),
			jv_string("Image Data Format"), format,
			jv_string("MP Type Code"), type
		),
		jv_string("Individual Image Size"),
		jv_number(T->un->u32(p + 4)),
		jv_string("Individual Image Data Offset"),
		jv_number(offset),
		jv_string("Dependent Image 1 Entry Number"),
		jv_number(T->un->u16(p + 12)),
		jv_string("Dependent Image 2 Entry Number"),
		jv_number(T->un->u16(p + 14))
	));

	// Don't report non-JPEGs, even though they're unlikely.
	return format_number == 0 ? offset : 0;
}

static jv
parse_mpf_index_entry(jv o, uint32_t **offsets, const struct tiffer *T,
	struct tiffer_entry *entry)
{
	// 5.2.3.3. MP Entry
	if (entry->tag != MPF_MPEntry || entry->type != TIFFER_UNDEFINED ||
		entry->remaining_count % 16) {
		return parse_exif_entry(o, T, entry, mpf_entries);
	}

	uint32_t count = entry->remaining_count / 16;
	jv a = jv_array_sized(count);
	uint32_t *out = *offsets = calloc(sizeof *out, count + 1);
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		// 5.2.3.3.3. Individual Image Data Offset
		uint32_t offset = parse_mpf_mpentry(&a, entry->p + i * 16, T);
		if (offset)
			*out++ = offset;
	}
	return jv_set(o, jv_string("MP Entry"), a);
}

static jv
parse_mpf_index_ifd(uint32_t **offsets, struct tiffer *T)
{
	jv ifd = jv_object();
	struct tiffer_entry entry = {};
	while (tiffer_next_entry(T, &entry))
		ifd = parse_mpf_index_entry(ifd, offsets, T, &entry);
	return ifd;
}

static jv
parse_mpf(jv o, const uint8_t ***individuals, const uint8_t *p, size_t len,
	const uint8_t *end)
{
	struct tiffer T;
	if (!tiffer_init(&T, p, len) || !tiffer_next_ifd(&T))
		return add_warning(o, "invalid MPF segment");

	// First image: IFD0 is Index IFD, any IFD1 is Attribute IFD.
	// Other images: IFD0 is Attribute IFD, there is no Index IFD.
	uint32_t *offsets = NULL;
	if (!*individuals) {
		o = add_to_subarray(o, "MPF", parse_mpf_index_ifd(&offsets, &T));
		if (!tiffer_next_ifd(&T))
			goto out;
	}

	// This isn't optimal, but it will do.
	o = add_to_subarray(o, "MPF", parse_exif_ifd(&T, mpf_entries));

out:
	if (offsets) {
		size_t count = 0;
		for (const uint32_t *i = offsets; *i; i++)
			count++;

		free(*individuals);
		const uint8_t **out = *individuals = calloc(sizeof *out, count + 1);
		for (const uint32_t *i = offsets; *i; i++) {
			if (*i > end - p)
				o = add_warning(o, "MPF offset points past available data");
			else
				*out++ = p + *i;
		}

		free(offsets);
	}
	return o;
}

// --- JPEG --------------------------------------------------------------------
// Because the JPEG file format is simple, just do it manually.
// See: https://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf

enum {
	TEM = 0x01,
	SOF0 = 0xC0, SOF1, SOF2, SOF3,
	DHT = 0xC4,
	SOF5, SOF6, SOF7,
	JPG = 0xC8,
	SOF9, SOF10, SOF11,
	DAC = 0xCC,
	SOF13, SOF14, SOF15,

	RST0 = 0xD0, RST1, RST2, RST3, RST4, RST5, RST6, RST7,

	SOI = 0xD8,
	EOI = 0xD9,
	SOS = 0xDA,
	DQT = 0xDB,
	DNL = 0xDC,
	DRI = 0xDD,
	DHP = 0xDE,
	EXP = 0xDF,

	APP0 = 0xE0, APP1, APP2, APP3, APP4, APP5, APP6, APP7,
	APP8, APP9, APP10, APP11, APP12, APP13, APP14, APP15,

	JPG0 = 0xF0, JPG1, JPG2, JPG3, JPG4, JPG5, JPG6, JPG7,
	JPG8, JPG9, JPG10, JPG11, JPG12, JPG13,

	COM = 0xFE
};

// The rest is "RES (Reserved)", except for 0xFF (filler) and 0x00 (invalid).
static const char *marker_ids[0xFF] = {
	[TEM]   = "TEM",
	[SOF0]  = "SOF0",  [SOF1]  = "SOF1",  [SOF2]  = "SOF2",  [SOF3]  = "SOF3",
	[DHT]   = "DHT",   [SOF5]  = "SOF5",  [SOF6]  = "SOF6",  [SOF7]  = "SOF7",
	[JPG]   = "JPG",   [SOF9]  = "SOF9",  [SOF10] = "SOF10", [SOF11] = "SOF11",
	[DAC]   = "DAC",   [SOF13] = "SOF13", [SOF14] = "SOF14", [SOF15] = "SOF15",
	[RST0]  = "RST0",  [RST1]  = "RST1",  [RST2]  = "RST2",  [RST3]  = "RST3",
	[RST4]  = "RST4",  [RST5]  = "RST5",  [RST6]  = "RST6",  [RST7]  = "RST7",
	[SOI]   = "SOI",   [EOI]   = "EOI",   [SOS]   = "SOS",   [DQT]   = "DQT",
	[DNL]   = "DNL",   [DRI]   = "DRI",   [DHP]   = "DHP",   [EXP]   = "EXP",
	[APP0]  = "APP0",  [APP1]  = "APP1",  [APP2]  = "APP2",  [APP3]  = "APP3",
	[APP4]  = "APP4",  [APP5]  = "APP5",  [APP6]  = "APP6",  [APP7]  = "APP7",
	[APP8]  = "APP8",  [APP9]  = "APP9",  [APP10] = "APP10", [APP11] = "APP11",
	[APP12] = "APP12", [APP13] = "APP13", [APP14] = "APP14", [APP15] = "APP15",
	[JPG0]  = "JPG0",  [JPG1]  = "JPG1",  [JPG2]  = "JPG2",  [JPG3]  = "JPG3",
	[JPG4]  = "JPG4",  [JPG5]  = "JPG5",  [JPG6]  = "JPG6",  [JPG7]  = "JPG7",
	[JPG8]  = "JPG8",  [JPG9]  = "JPG9",  [JPG10] = "JPG10", [JPG11] = "JPG11",
	[JPG12] = "JPG12", [JPG13] = "JPG13", [COM]   = "COM"
};

// The rest is "RES (Reserved)", except for 0xFF (filler) and 0x00 (invalid).
static const char *marker_descriptions[0xFF] = {
	[TEM]   = "For temporary private use in arithmetic coding",
	[SOF0]  = "Baseline DCT",
	[SOF1]  = "Extended sequential DCT",
	[SOF2]  = "Progressive DCT",
	[SOF3]  = "Lossless (sequential)",
	[DHT]   = "Define Huffman table(s)",
	[SOF5]  = "Differential sequential DCT",
	[SOF6]  = "Differential progressive DCT",
	[SOF7]  = "Differential lossless (sequential)",
	[JPG]   = "Reserved for JPEG extensions",
	[SOF9]  = "Extended sequential DCT",
	[SOF10] = "Progressive DCT",
	[SOF11] = "Lossless (sequential)",
	[DAC]   = "Define arithmetic coding conditioning(s)",
	[SOF13] = "Differential sequential DCT",
	[SOF14] = "Differential progressive DCT",
	[SOF15] = "Differential lossless (sequential)",
	[RST0]  = "Restart with module 8 count 0",
	[RST1]  = "Restart with module 8 count 1",
	[RST2]  = "Restart with module 8 count 2",
	[RST3]  = "Restart with module 8 count 3",
	[RST4]  = "Restart with module 8 count 4",
	[RST5]  = "Restart with module 8 count 5",
	[RST6]  = "Restart with module 8 count 6",
	[RST7]  = "Restart with module 8 count 7",
	[SOI]   = "Start of image",
	[EOI]   = "End of image",
	[SOS]   = "Start of scan",
	[DQT]   = "Define quantization table(s)",
	[DNL]   = "Define number of lines",
	[DRI]   = "Define restart interval",
	[DHP]   = "Define hierarchical progression",
	[EXP]   = "Expand reference component(s)",
	[APP0]  = "Reserved for application segments, 0",
	[APP1]  = "Reserved for application segments, 1",
	[APP2]  = "Reserved for application segments, 2",
	[APP3]  = "Reserved for application segments, 3",
	[APP4]  = "Reserved for application segments, 4",
	[APP5]  = "Reserved for application segments, 5",
	[APP6]  = "Reserved for application segments, 6",
	[APP7]  = "Reserved for application segments, 7",
	[APP8]  = "Reserved for application segments, 8",
	[APP9]  = "Reserved for application segments, 9",
	[APP10] = "Reserved for application segments, 10",
	[APP11] = "Reserved for application segments, 11",
	[APP12] = "Reserved for application segments, 12",
	[APP13] = "Reserved for application segments, 13",
	[APP14] = "Reserved for application segments, 14",
	[APP15] = "Reserved for application segments, 15",
	[JPG0]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 0",
	[JPG1]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 1",
	[JPG2]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 2",
	[JPG3]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 3",
	[JPG4]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 4",
	[JPG5]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 5",
	[JPG6]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 6",
	[JPG7]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 7",
	[JPG8]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 8",
	[JPG9]  = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 9",
	[JPG10] = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 10",
	[JPG11] = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 11",
	[JPG12] = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 12",
	[JPG13] = "Reserved for JPEG extensions, 13",
	[COM]   = "Comment",
};

// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

struct data {
	bool ended;
	uint8_t *exif, *icc, *psir;
	size_t exif_len, icc_len, psir_len;
	int icc_sequence, icc_done;
	const uint8_t **mpf_individuals, **mpf_next;
};

static void
parse_append(uint8_t **buffer, size_t *buffer_len, const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
{
	size_t buffer_longer = *buffer_len + len;
	*buffer = realloc(*buffer, buffer_longer);
	memcpy(*buffer + *buffer_len, p, len);
	*buffer_len = buffer_longer;
}

static const uint8_t *
parse_marker(uint8_t marker, const uint8_t *p, const uint8_t *end,
	struct data *data, jv *o)
{
	// Suspected: MJPEG? Undetected format recursion, e.g., thumbnails?
	// Found: Random metadata! Multi-Picture Format!
	if ((data->ended = marker == EOI)) {
		// TODO(p): Handle Exifs independently--flush the last one.
		if ((data->mpf_next || (data->mpf_next = data->mpf_individuals)) &&
			*data->mpf_next)
			return *data->mpf_next++;
		if (p != end)
			*o = add_warning(*o, "trailing data");
	}

	// These markers stand alone, not starting a marker segment.
	switch (marker) {
	case RST0:
	case RST1:
	case RST2:
	case RST3:
	case RST4:
	case RST5:
	case RST6:
	case RST7:
		*o = add_warning(*o, "unexpected restart marker");
		// Fall-through
	case SOI:
	case EOI:
	case TEM:
		return p;
	}

	uint16_t length = p[0] << 8 | p[1];
	const uint8_t *payload = p + 2;
	if ((p += length) > end) {
		*o = add_error(*o, "runaway marker segment");
		return NULL;
	}

	switch (marker) {
	case SOF0:
	case SOF1:
	case SOF2:
	case SOF3:
	case SOF5:
	case SOF6:
	case SOF7:
	case SOF9:
	case SOF10:
	case SOF11:
	case SOF13:
	case SOF14:
	case SOF15:
	case DHP:  // B.2.2 and B.3.2.
		// As per B.2.5, Y can be zero, then there needs to be a DNL segment.
		*o = add_to_subarray(*o, "info", JV_OBJECT(
			jv_string("type"), jv_string(marker_descriptions[marker]),
			jv_string("bits"), jv_number(payload[0]),
			jv_string("height"), jv_number(payload[1] << 8 | payload[2]),
			jv_string("width"), jv_number(payload[3] << 8 | payload[4]),
			jv_string("components"), jv_number(payload[5])
		));
		return p;
	}

	// See B.1.1.5, we can brute-force our way through the entropy-coded data.
	if (marker == SOS) {
		while (p + 2 <= end && (p[0] != 0xFF || p[1] < 0xC0 || p[1] > 0xFE ||
				(p[1] >= RST0 && p[1] <= RST7)))
			p++;
		return p;
	}

	// "The interpretation is left to the application."
	if (marker == COM) {
		int superascii = 0;
		char *buf = calloc(3, p - payload), *bufp = buf;
		for (const uint8_t *q = payload; q < p; q++) {
			if (*q < 128) {
				*bufp++ = *q;
			} else {
				superascii++;
				*bufp++ = 0xC0 | (*q >> 6);
				*bufp++ = 0x80 | (*q & 0x3F);
			}
		}
		*bufp++ = 0;
		*o = add_to_subarray(*o, "comments", jv_string(buf));
		free(buf);

		if (superascii)
			*o = add_warning(*o, "super-ASCII comments");
	}

	// These mostly contain an ASCII string header, following JPEG FIF:
	//
	// "Application-specific APP0 marker segments are identified
	//  by a zero terminated string which identifies the application
	//  (not 'JFIF' or 'JFXX')."
	if (marker >= APP0 && marker <= APP15) {
		const uint8_t *nul = memchr(payload, 0, p - payload);
		int unprintable = !nul;
		if (nul) {
			for (const uint8_t *q = payload; q < nul; q++)
				unprintable += *q < 32 || *q >= 127;
		}
		*o = add_to_subarray(*o, "apps",
			unprintable ? jv_null() : jv_string((const char *) payload));
	}

	// CIPA DC-007-2021 (Multi-Picture Format) 5.2
	// https://www.cipa.jp/e/std/std-sec.html
	if (marker == APP2 && p - payload >= 8 && !memcmp(payload, "MPF\0", 4)) {
		payload += 4;
		*o = parse_mpf(*o, &data->mpf_individuals, payload, p - payload, end);
	}

	// CIPA DC-006 (Stereo Still Image Format for Digital Cameras)
	// TODO(p): Handle by properly skipping trailing data (use Stim offsets).

	// https://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/jfif3.pdf
	if (marker == APP0 && p - payload >= 14 && !memcmp(payload, "JFIF\0", 5)) {
		payload += 5;

		jv units = jv_number(payload[2]);
		switch (payload[2]) {
		break; case 0: units = jv_null();
		break; case 1: units = jv_string("DPI");
		break; case 2: units = jv_string("dots per cm");
		}

		// The rest is picture data.
		*o = add_to_subarray(*o, "JFIF", JV_OBJECT(
			jv_string("version"), jv_number(payload[0] * 100 + payload[1]),
			jv_string("units"), units,
			jv_string("density-x"), jv_number(payload[3] << 8 | payload[4]),
			jv_string("density-y"), jv_number(payload[5] << 8 | payload[6]),
			jv_string("thumbnail-w"), jv_number(payload[7]),
			jv_string("thumbnail-h"), jv_number(payload[8])
		));
	}
	if (marker == APP0 && p - payload >= 6 && !memcmp(payload, "JFXX\0", 5)) {
		payload += 5;

		jv extension = jv_number(payload[0]);
		switch (payload[0]) {
		break; case 0x10: extension = jv_string("JPEG thumbnail");
		break; case 0x11: extension = jv_string("Paletted thumbnail");
		break; case 0x13: extension = jv_string("RGB thumbnail");
		}

		// The rest is picture data.
		*o = add_to_subarray(*o, "JFXX",
			JV_OBJECT(jv_string("extension"), extension));
	}

	// https://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf 4.7.2
	// Adobe XMP Specification Part 3: Storage in Files, 2020/1, 1.1.3
	if (marker == APP1 && p - payload >= 6 && !memcmp(payload, "Exif\0", 5)) {
		payload += 6;
		if (payload[-1] != 0)
			*o = add_warning(*o, "weirdly padded Exif header");
		if (data->exif)
			*o = add_warning(*o, "multiple Exif segments");
		parse_append(&data->exif, &data->exif_len, payload, p - payload);
	}

	// https://www.color.org/specification/ICC1v43_2010-12.pdf B.4
	if (marker == APP2 && p - payload >= 14 &&
		!memcmp(payload, "ICC_PROFILE\0", 12) && !data->icc_done &&
		payload[12] == ++data->icc_sequence && payload[13] >= payload[12]) {
		payload += 14;
		parse_append(&data->icc, &data->icc_len, payload, p - payload);
		data->icc_done = payload[-1] == data->icc_sequence;
	}

	// Adobe XMP Specification Part 3: Storage in Files, 2020/1, 1.1.3 + 3.1.3
	// https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/
	if (marker == APP13 && p - payload >= 14 &&
		!memcmp(payload, "Photoshop 3.0\0", 14)) {
		payload += 14;
		parse_append(&data->psir, &data->psir_len, payload, p - payload);
	}

	// TODO(p): Extract all XMP segments.
	return p;
}

static bool
detect_jpeg(const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
{
	return len >= 2 && p[0] == 0xff && p[1] == SOI;
}

static jv
parse_jpeg(jv o, const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
{
	struct data data = {};
	const uint8_t *end = p + len;
	jv markers = jv_array();
	while (p) {
		// This is an expectable condition, use a simple warning.
		if (p + 2 > end) {
			if (!data.ended)
				o = add_warning(o, "unexpected EOF");
			break;
		}
		if (*p++ != 0xFF || *p == 0) {
			if (!data.ended)
				o = add_error(o, "no marker found where one was expected");
			break;
		}

		// Markers may be preceded by fill bytes.
		if (*p == 0xFF) {
			o = jv_object_set(o, jv_string("fillers"), jv_bool(true));
			continue;
		}

		uint8_t marker = *p++;
		markers = jv_array_append(markers,
			jv_string(marker_ids[marker] ? marker_ids[marker] : "RES"));
		p = parse_marker(marker, p, end, &data, &o);
	}

	if (data.exif) {
		// TODO(p): Probably extend it until the end of the JPEG,
		// seeing as, e.g., thumbnail data can overflow into follow-up segments.
		o = parse_exif(o, data.exif, data.exif_len);
		free(data.exif);
	}
	if (data.icc) {
		if (data.icc_done)
			o = parse_icc(o, data.icc, data.icc_len);
		else
			o = add_warning(o, "bad ICC profile sequence");
		free(data.icc);
	}
	if (data.psir) {
		o = parse_psir(o, data.psir, data.psir_len);
		free(data.psir);
	}

	free(data.mpf_individuals);
	return jv_set(o, jv_string("markers"), markers);
}