diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.adoc | 54 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | meson.build | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | pdf-simple-sign.cpp | 976 |
4 files changed, 1046 insertions, 0 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Copyright (c) 2017, Přemysl Janouch <p.janouch@gmail.com> + +Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any +purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above +copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. + +THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES +WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF +MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY +SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES +WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION +OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN +CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. diff --git a/README.adoc b/README.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e09599 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +pdf-simple-sign +=============== +:compact-option: + +'pdf-simple-sign' is a simple open source PDF signer intended for documents +generated by Cairo. As such, it currently comes with some restrictions: + + * the document may not have any forms or signatures already, as they will be + overwitten + * the document may not employ cross-reference streams, or must constitute + a hybrid-reference file at least + * the document may not be newer than PDF 1.6 already, or it will get downgraded + to that version + * the signature may take at most 4 kilobytes as a compile-time limit, + which should be enough space even for one intermediate certificate + +The signature is attached to the first page and has no appearance. + +I don't aim to extend the functionality any further. The project is fairly +self-contained and it should be easy to grasp and change to suit to your needs. + +Building +-------- +Build dependencies: Meson, a C++11 compiler, pkg-config + +Runtime dependencies: libcrypto + + $ git clone https://github.com/pjanouch/pdf-simple-sign.git + $ cd pdf-simple-sign + $ meson builddir + $ cd builddir + $ ninja + +Usage +----- + + $ ./pdf-simple-sign document.pdf document.signed.pdf KeyAndCerts.p12 password + +Contributing and Support +------------------------ +Use this project's GitHub to report any bugs, request features, or submit pull +requests. If you want to discuss this project, or maybe just hang out with +the developer, feel free to join me at irc://irc.janouch.name, channel #dev. + +Bitcoin donations: 12r5uEWEgcHC46xd64tt3hHt9EUvYYDHe9 + +License +------- +'pdf-simple-sign' is written by Přemysl Janouch <p.janouch@gmail.com>. + +You may use the software under the terms of the ISC license, the text of which +is included within the package, or, at your option, you may relicense the work +under the MIT or the Modified BSD License, as listed at the following site: + +http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d2cec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/meson.build @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +project('pdf-simple-sign', 'cpp', default_options : ['cpp_std=c++11']) +cryptodep = dependency('libcrypto') +executable('pdf-simple-sign', 'pdf-simple-sign.cpp', dependencies : cryptodep) diff --git a/pdf-simple-sign.cpp b/pdf-simple-sign.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e95aaa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/pdf-simple-sign.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,976 @@ +// vim: set sw=2 ts=2 sts=2 et tw=100: +// +// pdf-simple-sign: simple PDF signer +// +// Copyright (c) 2017, Přemysl Janouch <p.janouch@gmail.com> +// +// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any +// purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above +// copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. +// +// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES +// WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF +// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY +// SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES +// WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION +// OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN +// CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. +// + +#include <cstdio> +#include <cmath> +#undef NDEBUG +#include <cassert> + +#include <vector> +#include <map> +#include <regex> +#include <memory> +#include <set> + +#if defined __GLIBCXX__ && __GLIBCXX__ < 20140422 +#error Need libstdc++ >= 4.9 for <regex> +#endif + +#include <unistd.h> +#include <getopt.h> +#include <openssl/err.h> +#include <openssl/x509v3.h> +#include <openssl/pkcs12.h> + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +using uint = unsigned int; + +static std::string concatenate(const std::vector<std::string>& v, const std::string& delim) { + std::string res; + if (v.empty()) + return res; + for (const auto& s : v) + res += s + delim; + return res.substr(0, res.length() - delim.length()); +} + +template<typename... Args> +std::string ssprintf(const std::string& format, Args... args) { + size_t size = std::snprintf(nullptr, 0, format.c_str(), args... ) + 1; + std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[size]); + std::snprintf(buf.get(), size, format.c_str(), args...); + return std::string(buf.get(), buf.get() + size - 1); +} + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +/// PDF token/object thingy. Objects may be composed either from one or a sequence of tokens. +/// The PDF Reference doesn't actually speak of tokens. +struct pdf_object { + enum type { + END, NL, COMMENT, NIL, BOOL, NUMERIC, KEYWORD, NAME, STRING, + // Simple tokens + B_ARRAY, E_ARRAY, B_DICT, E_DICT, + // Higher-level objects + ARRAY, DICT, OBJECT, REFERENCE, + } type = END; + + std::string string; ///< END (error message), COMMENT/KEYWORD/NAME/STRING + double number = 0.; ///< BOOL, NUMERIC + std::vector<pdf_object> array; ///< ARRAY, OBJECT + std::map<std::string, pdf_object> dict; ///< DICT, in the future also STREAM + uint n = 0, generation = 0; ///< OBJECT, REFERENCE + + pdf_object(enum type type = END) : type(type) {} + pdf_object(enum type type, double v) : type(type), number(v) {} + pdf_object(enum type type, const std::string& v) : type(type), string(v) {} + pdf_object(enum type type, uint n, uint g) : type(type), n(n), generation(g) {} + pdf_object(const std::vector<pdf_object>& array) : type(ARRAY), array(array) {} + pdf_object(const std::map<std::string, pdf_object>& dict) : type(DICT), dict(dict) {} + + pdf_object(const pdf_object&) = default; + pdf_object(pdf_object&&) = default; + pdf_object& operator=(const pdf_object&) = default; + pdf_object& operator=(pdf_object&&) = default; + + /// Return whether this is a number without a fractional part + bool is_integer() const { + double tmp; + return type == NUMERIC && std::modf(number, &tmp) == 0.; + } +}; + +/// Basic lexical analyser for the Portable Document Format, giving limited error information +struct pdf_lexer { + const unsigned char* p; + pdf_lexer(const char* s) : p(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(s)) {} + + static constexpr const char* oct_alphabet = "01234567"; + static constexpr const char* dec_alphabet = "0123456789"; + static constexpr const char* hex_alphabet = "0123456789abcdefABCDEF"; + static constexpr const char* whitespace = "\t\n\f\r "; + static constexpr const char* delimiters = "()<>[]{}/%"; + + bool eat_newline(int ch) { + if (ch == '\r') { + if (*p == '\n') p++; + return true; + } + return ch == '\n'; + } + + pdf_object string() { + std::string value; + int parens = 1; + while (1) { + if (!*p) return {pdf_object::END, "unexpected end of string"}; + auto ch = *p++; + if (eat_newline(ch)) ch = '\n'; + else if (ch == '(') { parens++; } + else if (ch == ')') { if (!--parens) break; } + else if (ch == '\\') { + if (!*p) return {pdf_object::END, "unexpected end of string"}; + switch ((ch = *p++)) { + case 'n': ch = '\n'; break; + case 'r': ch = '\r'; break; + case 't': ch = '\t'; break; + case 'b': ch = '\b'; break; + case 'f': ch = '\f'; break; + default: + if (eat_newline(ch)) + continue; + std::string octal; + if (*p && strchr(oct_alphabet, *p)) octal += *p++; + if (*p && strchr(oct_alphabet, *p)) octal += *p++; + if (*p && strchr(oct_alphabet, *p)) octal += *p++; + if (!octal.empty()) { + value += char(std::stoi(octal, nullptr, 8)); + continue; + } + } + } + value += ch; + } + return {pdf_object::STRING, value}; + } + + pdf_object string_hex() { + std::string value, buf; + while (*p != '>') { + if (!*p) return {pdf_object::END, "unexpected end of hex string"}; + if (!strchr(hex_alphabet, *p)) + return {pdf_object::END, "invalid hex string"}; + buf += *p++; + if (buf.size() == 2) { + value += char(std::stoi(buf, nullptr, 16)); + buf.clear(); + } + } + if (!buf.empty()) value += char(std::stoi(buf + '0', nullptr, 16)); + return {pdf_object::STRING, value}; + } + + pdf_object name() { + std::string value; + while (!strchr(whitespace, *p) && !strchr(delimiters, *p)) { + auto ch = *p++; + if (ch == '#') { + std::string hexa; + if (*p && strchr(hex_alphabet, *p)) hexa += *p++; + if (*p && strchr(hex_alphabet, *p)) hexa += *p++; + if (hexa.size() != 2) + return {pdf_object::END, "invalid name hexa escape"}; + ch = char(std::stoi(hexa, nullptr, 16)); + } + value += ch; + } + if (value.empty()) return {pdf_object::END, "unexpected end of name"}; + return {pdf_object::NAME, value}; + } + + pdf_object comment() { + std::string value; + while (*p && *p != '\r' && *p != '\n') + value += *p++; + return {pdf_object::COMMENT, value}; + } + + // XXX maybe invalid numbers should rather be interpreted as keywords + pdf_object number() { + std::string value; + if (*p == '-') + value += *p++; + bool real = false, digits = false; + while (*p) { + if (strchr(dec_alphabet, *p)) + digits = true; + else if (*p == '.' && !real) + real = true; + else + break; + value += *p++; + } + if (!digits) return {pdf_object::END, "invalid number"}; + return {pdf_object::NUMERIC, std::stod(value, nullptr)}; + } + + pdf_object next() { + if (!*p) + return {pdf_object::END}; + if (strchr("-0123456789.", *p)) + return number(); + + // {} end up being keywords, we might want to error out on those + std::string value; + while (!strchr(whitespace, *p) && !strchr(delimiters, *p)) + value += *p++; + if (!value.empty()) { + if (value == "null") return {pdf_object::NIL}; + if (value == "true") return {pdf_object::BOOL, 1}; + if (value == "false") return {pdf_object::BOOL, 0}; + return {pdf_object::KEYWORD, value}; + } + + switch (char ch = *p++) { + case '/': return name(); + case '%': return comment(); + case '(': return string(); + case '[': return {pdf_object::B_ARRAY}; + case ']': return {pdf_object::E_ARRAY}; + case '<': + if (*p++ == '<') + return {pdf_object::B_DICT}; + p--; + return string_hex(); + case '>': + if (*p++ == '>') + return {pdf_object::E_DICT}; + p--; + return {pdf_object::END, "unexpected '>'"}; + default: + if (eat_newline(ch)) + return {pdf_object::NL}; + if (strchr(whitespace, ch)) + return next(); + return {pdf_object::END, "unexpected input"}; + } + } +}; + +// FIXME lines /should not/ be longer than 255 characters, some wrapping is in order +static std::string pdf_serialize(const pdf_object& o) { + switch (o.type) { + case pdf_object::NL: return "\n"; + case pdf_object::NIL: return "nil"; + case pdf_object::BOOL: return o.number ? "true" : "false"; + case pdf_object::NUMERIC: + { + if (o.is_integer()) return std::to_string((long long) o.number); + return std::to_string(o.number); + } + case pdf_object::KEYWORD: return o.string; + case pdf_object::NAME: + { + std::string escaped = "/"; + for (char c : o.string) { + if (c == '#' || strchr(pdf_lexer::delimiters, c) || strchr(pdf_lexer::whitespace, c)) + escaped += ssprintf("#%02x", c); + else + escaped += c; + } + return escaped; + } + case pdf_object::STRING: + { + std::string escaped; + for (char c : o.string) { + if (c == '\\' || c == '(' || c == ')') + escaped += '\\'; + escaped += c; + } + return "(" + escaped + ")"; + } + case pdf_object::B_ARRAY: return "["; + case pdf_object::E_ARRAY: return "]"; + case pdf_object::B_DICT: return "<<"; + case pdf_object::E_DICT: return ">>"; + case pdf_object::ARRAY: + { + std::vector<std::string> v; + for (const auto& i : o.array) + v.push_back(pdf_serialize(i)); + return "[ " + concatenate(v, " ") + " ]"; + } + case pdf_object::DICT: + { + std::string s; + for (const auto i : o.dict) + s += " /" + i.first + " " + pdf_serialize(i.second); + return "<<" + s + " >>"; + } + case pdf_object::OBJECT: + return ssprintf("%u %u obj\n", o.n, o.generation) + pdf_serialize(o.array.at(0)) + "\nendobj"; + case pdf_object::REFERENCE: + return ssprintf("%u %u R", o.n, o.generation); + default: + assert(!"unsupported token for serialization"); + } +} + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +/// Utility class to help read and possibly incrementally update PDF files +class pdf_updater { + struct ref { + size_t offset = 0; ///< File offset or N of the next free entry + uint generation = 0; ///< Object generation + bool free = true; ///< Whether this N has been deleted + }; + + std::vector<ref> xref; ///< Cross-reference table + size_t xref_size = 0; ///< Current cross-reference table size, correlated to xref.size() + std::set<uint> updated; ///< List of updated objects + + pdf_object parse_obj(pdf_lexer& lex, std::vector<pdf_object>& stack) const; + pdf_object parse_R(std::vector<pdf_object>& stack) const; + pdf_object parse(pdf_lexer& lex, std::vector<pdf_object>& stack) const; + std::string load_xref(pdf_lexer& lex, std::set<uint>& loaded_entries); + +public: + /// The new trailer dictionary to be written, initialized with the old one + std::map<std::string, pdf_object> trailer; + + std::string& document; + pdf_updater(std::string& document) : document(document) {} + + /// Build the cross-reference table and prepare a new trailer dictionary + std::string initialize(); + /// Retrieve an object by its number and generation -- may return NIL or END with an error + pdf_object get(uint n, uint generation) const; + /// Allocate a new object number + uint allocate(); + /// Append an updated object to the end of the document + void update(uint n, std::function<void()> fill); + /// Write an updated cross-reference table and trailer + void flush_updates(); +}; + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +pdf_object pdf_updater::parse_obj(pdf_lexer& lex, std::vector<pdf_object>& stack) const { + if (stack.size() < 2) + return {pdf_object::END, "missing object ID pair"}; + + auto g = stack.back(); stack.pop_back(); + auto n = stack.back(); stack.pop_back(); + if (!g.is_integer() || g.number < 0 || g.number > UINT_MAX + || !n.is_integer() || n.number < 0 || n.number > UINT_MAX) + return {pdf_object::END, "invalid object ID pair"}; + + pdf_object obj{pdf_object::OBJECT}; + obj.n = n.number; + obj.generation = g.number; + + while (1) { + auto object = parse(lex, obj.array); + if (object.type == pdf_object::END) + return {pdf_object::END, "object doesn't end"}; + if (object.type == pdf_object::KEYWORD && object.string == "endobj") + break; + obj.array.push_back(std::move(object)); + } + return obj; +} + +pdf_object pdf_updater::parse_R(std::vector<pdf_object>& stack) const { + if (stack.size() < 2) + return {pdf_object::END, "missing reference ID pair"}; + + auto g = stack.back(); stack.pop_back(); + auto n = stack.back(); stack.pop_back(); + if (!g.is_integer() || g.number < 0 || g.number > UINT_MAX + || !n.is_integer() || n.number < 0 || n.number > UINT_MAX) + return {pdf_object::END, "invalid reference ID pair"}; + + pdf_object ref{pdf_object::REFERENCE}; + ref.n = n.number; + ref.generation = g.number; + return ref; +} + +/// Read an object at the lexer's position. Not a strict parser. +pdf_object pdf_updater::parse(pdf_lexer& lex, std::vector<pdf_object>& stack) const { + auto token = lex.next(); + switch (token.type) { + case pdf_object::NL: + case pdf_object::COMMENT: + // These are not important to parsing, not even for this procedure's needs + return parse(lex, stack); + case pdf_object::B_ARRAY: + { + std::vector<pdf_object> array; + while (1) { + auto object = parse(lex, array); + if (object.type == pdf_object::END) + return {pdf_object::END, "array doesn't end"}; + if (object.type == pdf_object::E_ARRAY) + break; + array.push_back(std::move(object)); + } + return array; + } + case pdf_object::B_DICT: + { + std::vector<pdf_object> array; + while (1) { + auto object = parse(lex, array); + if (object.type == pdf_object::END) + return {pdf_object::END, "dictionary doesn't end"}; + if (object.type == pdf_object::E_DICT) + break; + array.push_back(std::move(object)); + } + if (array.size() % 2) + return {pdf_object::END, "unbalanced dictionary"}; + std::map<std::string, pdf_object> dict; + for (size_t i = 0; i < array.size(); i += 2) { + if (array[i].type != pdf_object::NAME) + return {pdf_object::END, "invalid dictionary key type"}; + dict.insert({array[i].string, std::move(array[i + 1])}); + } + return dict; + } + case pdf_object::KEYWORD: + // Appears in the document body, typically needs to access the cross-reference table + // TODO use the xref to read /Length etc. once we actually need to read such objects; + // presumably streams can use the pdf_object::string member + if (token.string == "stream") return {pdf_object::END, "streams are not supported yet"}; + if (token.string == "obj") return parse_obj(lex, stack); + if (token.string == "R") return parse_R(stack); + return token; + default: + return token; + } +} + +std::string pdf_updater::load_xref(pdf_lexer& lex, std::set<uint>& loaded_entries) { + std::vector<pdf_object> throwaway_stack; + { + auto keyword = parse(lex, throwaway_stack); + if (keyword.type != pdf_object::KEYWORD || keyword.string != "xref") + return "invalid xref table"; + } + while (1) { + auto object = parse(lex, throwaway_stack); + if (object.type == pdf_object::END) + return "unexpected EOF while looking for the trailer"; + if (object.type == pdf_object::KEYWORD && object.string == "trailer") + break; + + auto second = parse(lex, throwaway_stack); + if (!object.is_integer() || object.number < 0 || object.number > UINT_MAX + || !second.is_integer() || second.number < 0 || second.number > UINT_MAX) + return "invalid xref section header"; + + const size_t start = object.number; + const size_t count = second.number; + for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) { + auto off = parse(lex, throwaway_stack); + auto gen = parse(lex, throwaway_stack); + auto key = parse(lex, throwaway_stack); + if (!off.is_integer() || off.number < 0 || off.number > document.length() + || !gen.is_integer() || gen.number < 0 || gen.number > 65535 + || key.type != pdf_object::KEYWORD) + return "invalid xref entry"; + + bool free = true; + if (key.string == "n") + free = false; + else if (key.string != "f") + return "invalid xref entry"; + + auto n = start + i; + if (loaded_entries.count(n)) + continue; + if (n >= xref.size()) + xref.resize(n + 1); + loaded_entries.insert(n); + + auto& ref = xref[n]; + ref.generation = gen.number; + ref.offset = off.number; + ref.free = free; + } + } + return ""; +} + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +std::string pdf_updater::initialize() { + // We only need to look for startxref roughly within the last kibibyte of the document + static std::regex haystack_re("[\\s\\S]*\\sstartxref\\s+(\\d+)\\s+%%EOF"); + std::string haystack = document.substr(document.length() < 1024 ? 0 : document.length() - 1024); + + std::smatch m; + if (!std::regex_search(haystack, m, haystack_re, std::regex_constants::match_continuous)) + return "cannot find startxref"; + + size_t xref_offset = std::stoul(m.str(1)), last_xref_offset = xref_offset; + std::set<size_t> loaded_xrefs; + std::set<uint> loaded_entries; + + std::vector<pdf_object> throwaway_stack; + while (1) { + if (loaded_xrefs.count(xref_offset)) + return "circular xref offsets"; + if (xref_offset >= document.length()) + return "invalid xref offset"; + + pdf_lexer lex(document.c_str() + xref_offset); + auto err = load_xref(lex, loaded_entries); + if (!err.empty()) return err; + + auto trailer = parse(lex, throwaway_stack); + if (trailer.type != pdf_object::DICT) + return "invalid trailer dictionary"; + if (loaded_xrefs.empty()) + this->trailer = trailer.dict; + loaded_xrefs.insert(xref_offset); + + const auto prev_offset = trailer.dict.find("Prev"); + if (prev_offset == trailer.dict.end()) + break; + if (!prev_offset->second.is_integer()) + return "invalid Prev offset"; + xref_offset = prev_offset->second.number; + } + + trailer["Prev"] = {pdf_object::NUMERIC, double(last_xref_offset)}; + const auto last_size = trailer.find("Size"); + if (last_size == trailer.end() || !last_size->second.is_integer() || + last_size->second.number <= 0) + return "invalid or missing cross-reference table Size"; + + xref_size = last_size->second.number; + return ""; +} + +pdf_object pdf_updater::get(uint n, uint generation) const { + if (n >= xref_size) + return {pdf_object::NIL}; + + auto& ref = xref[n]; + if (ref.free || ref.generation != generation || ref.offset >= document.length()) + return {pdf_object::NIL}; + + pdf_lexer lex(document.c_str() + ref.offset); + std::vector<pdf_object> stack; + while (1) { + auto object = parse(lex, stack); + if (object.type == pdf_object::END) + return object; + if (object.type != pdf_object::OBJECT) + stack.push_back(std::move(object)); + else if (object.n != n || object.generation != generation) + return {pdf_object::END, "object mismatch"}; + else + return std::move(object.array.at(0)); + } +} + +uint pdf_updater::allocate() { + assert(xref_size < UINT_MAX); + + auto n = xref_size++; + if (xref.size() < xref_size) + xref.resize(xref_size); + + // We don't make sure it gets a subsection in the update yet because we + // make no attempts at fixing the linked list of free items either + return n; +} + +void pdf_updater::update(uint n, std::function<void()> fill) { + auto& ref = xref.at(n); + ref.offset = document.length() + 1; + ref.free = false; + updated.insert(n); + + document += ssprintf("\n%u %u obj\n", n, ref.generation); + // Separately so that the callback can use document.length() to get the current offset + fill(); + document += "\nendobj"; +} + +void pdf_updater::flush_updates() { + std::map<uint, size_t> groups; + for (auto i = updated.cbegin(); i != updated.cend(); ) { + size_t start = *i, count = 1; + while (++i != updated.cend() && *i == start + count) + count++; + groups[start] = count; + } + + // Taking literally "Each cross-reference section begins with a line containing the keyword xref. + // Following this line are one or more cross-reference subsections." from 3.4.3 in PDF Reference + if (groups.empty()) + groups[0] = 0; + + auto startxref = document.length() + 1; + document += "\nxref\n"; + for (const auto& g : groups) { + document += ssprintf("%u %zu\n", g.first, g.second); + for (size_t i = 0; i < g.second; i++) { + auto& ref = xref[g.first + i]; + document += ssprintf("%010zu %05u %c \n", ref.offset, ref.generation, "nf"[!!ref.free]); + } + } + + trailer["Size"] = {pdf_object::NUMERIC, double(xref_size)}; + document += "trailer\n" + pdf_serialize(trailer) + + ssprintf("\nstartxref\n%zu\n%%%%EOF\n", startxref); +} + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +/// Make a PDF object representing the given point in time +static pdf_object pdf_date(time_t timestamp) { + struct tm parts; + assert(localtime_r(×tamp, &parts)); + + char buf[64]; + assert(strftime(buf, sizeof buf, "D:%Y%m%d%H%M%S", &parts)); + + std::string offset = "Z"; + auto offset_min = parts.tm_gmtoff / 60; + if (parts.tm_gmtoff < 0) + offset = ssprintf("-%02ld'%02ld'", -offset_min / 60, -offset_min % 60); + if (parts.tm_gmtoff > 0) + offset = ssprintf("+%02ld'%02ld'", +offset_min / 60, +offset_min % 60); + return {pdf_object::STRING, buf + offset}; +} + +static pdf_object pdf_get_first_page(pdf_updater& pdf, uint node_n, uint node_generation) { + auto obj = pdf.get(node_n, node_generation); + if (obj.type != pdf_object::DICT) + return {pdf_object::NIL}; + + // Out of convenience; these aren't filled normally + obj.n = node_n; + obj.generation = node_generation; + + auto type = obj.dict.find("Type"); + if (type == obj.dict.end() || type->second.type != pdf_object::NAME) + return {pdf_object::NIL}; + if (type->second.string == "Page") + return obj; + if (type->second.string != "Pages") + return {pdf_object::NIL}; + + // XXX technically speaking, this may be an indirect reference. The correct way to solve this + // seems to be having "pdf_updater" include a wrapper around "obj.dict.find" + auto kids = obj.dict.find("Kids"); + if (kids == obj.dict.end() || kids->second.type != pdf_object::ARRAY + || kids->second.array.empty() + || kids->second.array.at(0).type != pdf_object::REFERENCE) + return {pdf_object::NIL}; + + // XXX nothing prevents us from recursing in an evil circular graph + return pdf_get_first_page(pdf, kids->second.array.at(0).n, kids->second.array.at(0).generation); +} + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +static std::string pkcs12_path, pkcs12_pass; + +// /All/ bytes are checked, except for the signature hexstring itself +static std::string pdf_fill_in_signature(std::string& document, size_t sign_off, size_t sign_len) { + size_t tail_off = sign_off + sign_len, tail_len = document.size() - tail_off; + if (pkcs12_path.empty()) + return "undefined path to the signing key"; + + auto pkcs12_fp = fopen(pkcs12_path.c_str(), "r"); + if (!pkcs12_fp) + return pkcs12_path + ": " + strerror(errno); + + // Abandon hope, all ye who enter OpenSSL! Half of it is undocumented. + OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms(); + ERR_load_crypto_strings(); + ERR_clear_error(); + + PKCS12* p12 = nullptr; + EVP_PKEY* private_key = nullptr; + X509* certificate = nullptr; + STACK_OF(X509)* chain = nullptr; + PKCS7* p7 = nullptr; + int len = 0, sign_flags = PKCS7_DETACHED | PKCS7_BINARY | PKCS7_NOSMIMECAP | PKCS7_PARTIAL; + BIO* p7bio = nullptr; + unsigned char* buf = nullptr; + + // OpenSSL error reasons will usually be of more value than any distinction I can come up with + std::string err = "OpenSSL failure"; + + if (!(p12 = d2i_PKCS12_fp(pkcs12_fp, nullptr)) + || !PKCS12_parse(p12, pkcs12_pass.c_str(), &private_key, &certificate, &chain)) { + err = pkcs12_path + ": parse failure"; + goto error; + } + if (!private_key || !certificate) { + err = pkcs12_path + ": must contain a private key and a valid certificate chain"; + goto error; + } + // Prevent useless signatures -- makes pdfsig from poppler happy at least (and NSS by extension) + if (!(X509_get_key_usage(certificate) & (KU_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE | KU_NON_REPUDIATION))) { + err = "the certificate's key usage must include digital signatures or non-repudiation"; + goto error; + } + if (!(X509_get_extended_key_usage(certificate) & (XKU_SMIME | XKU_ANYEKU))) { + err = "the certificate's extended key usage must include S/MIME"; + goto error; + } +#if 0 // This happily ignores XKU_ANYEKU and I want my tiny world to make a tiny bit more sense + if (X509_check_purpose(certificate, X509_PURPOSE_SMIME_SIGN, false /* not a CA certificate */)) { + err = "the certificate can't be used for S/MIME digital signatures"; + goto error; + } +#endif + + // The default digest is SHA1, which is mildly insecure now -- hence using PKCS7_sign_add_signer + if (!(p7 = PKCS7_sign(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, sign_flags)) + || !PKCS7_sign_add_signer(p7, certificate, private_key, EVP_sha256(), sign_flags)) + goto error; + // For RFC 3161, this is roughly how a timestamp token would be attached (see Appendix A): + // PKCS7_add_attribute(signer_info, NID_id_smime_aa_timeStampToken, V_ASN1_SEQUENCE, value) + for (int i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(chain); i++) + if (!PKCS7_add_certificate(p7, sk_X509_value(chain, i))) + goto error; + + // Adaptation of the innards of the undocumented PKCS7_final() -- I didn't feel like making + // a copy of the whole document. Hopefully this writes directly into a digest BIO. + if (!(p7bio = PKCS7_dataInit(p7, nullptr)) + || (ssize_t) sign_off != BIO_write(p7bio, document.data(), sign_off) + || (ssize_t) tail_len != BIO_write(p7bio, document.data() + tail_off, tail_len) + || BIO_flush(p7bio) != 1 || !PKCS7_dataFinal(p7, p7bio)) + goto error; + +#if 0 + { + // Debugging: openssl cms -inform PEM -in pdf_signature.pem -noout -cmsout -print + // Context: https://stackoverflow.com/a/29253469 + auto fp = fopen("pdf_signature.pem", "wb"); + assert(PEM_write_PKCS7(fp, p7) && !fclose(fp)); + } +#endif + + if ((len = i2d_PKCS7(p7, &buf)) < 0) + goto error; + if (size_t(len) * 2 > sign_len - 2 /* hexstring quotes */) { + // The obvious solution is to increase the allocation... or spend a week reading specifications + // while losing all faith in humanity as a species, and skip the PKCS7 API entirely + err = ssprintf("not enough space reserved for the signature (%zu nibbles vs %zu nibbles)", + sign_len - 2, size_t(len) * 2); + goto error; + } + for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) { + document[sign_off + 2 * i + 1] = "0123456789abcdef"[buf[i] / 16]; + document[sign_off + 2 * i + 2] = "0123456789abcdef"[buf[i] % 16]; + } + err.clear(); + +error: + OPENSSL_free(buf); + BIO_free_all(p7bio); + PKCS7_free(p7); + sk_X509_pop_free(chain, X509_free); + X509_free(certificate); + EVP_PKEY_free(private_key); + PKCS12_free(p12); + + // In any case, clear the error stack (it's a queue, really) to avoid confusion elsewhere + while (auto code = ERR_get_error()) + if (auto reason = ERR_reason_error_string(code)) + err = err + "; " + reason; + + fclose(pkcs12_fp); + return err; +} + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +/// The presumption here is that the document is valid and that it doesn't employ cross-reference +/// streams from PDF 1.5, or at least constitutes a hybrid-reference file. The results with +/// PDF 2.0 (2017) are currently unknown as the standard costs money. +/// +/// Carelessly assumes that the version of the original document is at most PDF 1.6. +/// +/// https://www.adobe.com/devnet-docs/acrobatetk/tools/DigSig/Acrobat_DigitalSignatures_in_PDF.pdf +/// https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf +/// https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/PPKAppearances.pdf +static std::string pdf_sign(std::string& document) { + pdf_updater pdf(document); + auto err = pdf.initialize(); + if (!err.empty()) + return err; + + auto root_ref = pdf.trailer.find("Root"); + if (root_ref == pdf.trailer.end() || root_ref->second.type != pdf_object::REFERENCE) + return "trailer does not contain a reference to Root"; + auto root = pdf.get(root_ref->second.n, root_ref->second.generation); + if (root.type != pdf_object::DICT) + return "invalid Root dictionary reference"; + + // 8.7 Digital Signatures - /signature dictionary/ + auto sigdict_n = pdf.allocate(); + size_t byterange_off = 0, byterange_len = 0, sign_off = 0, sign_len = 0; + pdf.update(sigdict_n, [&]{ + // The timestamp is important for Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. The ideal would be to use RFC 3161. + pdf.document.append("<< /Type/Sig /Filter/Adobe.PPKLite /SubFilter/adbe.pkcs7.detached\n" + " /M" + pdf_serialize(pdf_date(time(nullptr))) + " /ByteRange "); + byterange_off = pdf.document.size(); + pdf.document.append((byterange_len = 32 /* fine for a gigabyte */), ' '); + pdf.document.append("\n /Contents <"); + sign_off = pdf.document.size(); + pdf.document.append((sign_len = 8192 /* certificate, digest, encrypted digest, ... */), '0'); + pdf.document.append("> >>"); + + // We actually need to exclude the hexstring quotes from signing + sign_off -= 1; + sign_len += 2; + }); + + // 8.6.3 Field Types - Signature Fields + pdf_object sigfield{pdf_object::DICT}; + sigfield.dict.insert({"FT", {pdf_object::NAME, "Sig"}}); + sigfield.dict.insert({"V", {pdf_object::REFERENCE, sigdict_n, 0}}); + // 8.4.5 Annotations Types - Widget Annotations + // We can merge the Signature Annotation and omit Kids here + sigfield.dict.insert({"Subtype", {pdf_object::NAME, "Widget"}}); + sigfield.dict.insert({"F", {pdf_object::NUMERIC, 2 /* Hidden */}}); + sigfield.dict.insert({"T", {pdf_object::STRING, "Signature1"}}); + sigfield.dict.insert({"Rect", {std::vector<pdf_object>{ + {pdf_object::NUMERIC, 0}, + {pdf_object::NUMERIC, 0}, + {pdf_object::NUMERIC, 0}, + {pdf_object::NUMERIC, 0}, + }}}); + + auto sigfield_n = pdf.allocate(); + pdf.update(sigfield_n, [&]{ pdf.document += pdf_serialize(sigfield); }); + + auto pages_ref = root.dict.find("Pages"); + if (pages_ref == root.dict.end() || pages_ref->second.type != pdf_object::REFERENCE) + return "invalid Pages reference"; + auto page = pdf_get_first_page(pdf, pages_ref->second.n, pages_ref->second.generation); + if (page.type != pdf_object::DICT) + return "invalid or unsupported page tree"; + + // XXX assuming this won't be an indirectly referenced array + auto& annots = page.dict["Annots"]; + if (annots.type != pdf_object::ARRAY) + annots = {pdf_object::ARRAY}; + annots.array.emplace_back(pdf_object::REFERENCE, sigfield_n, 0); + pdf.update(page.n, [&]{ pdf.document += pdf_serialize(page); }); + + // 8.6.1 Interactive Form Dictionary + // XXX assuming there are no forms already, overwriting everything + root.dict["AcroForm"] = {std::map<std::string, pdf_object>{ + {"Fields", {std::vector<pdf_object>{ + {pdf_object::REFERENCE, sigfield_n, 0} + }}}, + {"SigFlags", {pdf_object::NUMERIC, 3 /* SignaturesExist | AppendOnly */}} + }}; + + // Upgrade the document version for SHA-256 etc. + // XXX assuming that it's not newer than 1.6 already -- while Cairo can't currently use a newer + // version that 1.5, it's not a bad idea to use cairo_pdf_surface_restrict_to_version() + root.dict["Version"] = {pdf_object::NAME, "1.6"}; + pdf.update(root_ref->second.n, [&]{ pdf.document += pdf_serialize(root); }); + pdf.flush_updates(); + + // Now that we know the length of everything, store byte ranges of what we're about to sign, + // which must be everything but the resulting signature itself + size_t tail_off = sign_off + sign_len, tail_len = pdf.document.size() - tail_off; + auto ranges = ssprintf("[0 %zu %zu %zu]", sign_off, tail_off, tail_len); + if (ranges.length() > byterange_len) + return "not enough space reserved for /ByteRange"; + pdf.document.replace(byterange_off, std::min(ranges.length(), byterange_len), ranges); + return pdf_fill_in_signature(pdf.document, sign_off, sign_len); +} + +// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +__attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3))) +static void die(int status, const char* format, ...) { + va_list ap; + va_start(ap, format); + if (isatty(fileno(stderr))) + vfprintf(stderr, ssprintf("\x1b[31m%s\x1b[0m\n", format).c_str(), ap); + else + vfprintf(stderr, format, ap); + va_end(ap); + exit(status); +} + +int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { + auto invocation_name = argv[0]; + auto usage = [=]{ + die(1, "Usage: %s [-h] INPUT-FILENAME OUTPUT-FILENAME PKCS12-PATH PKCS12-PASS", + invocation_name); + }; + + static struct option opts[] = { + {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'}, + {nullptr, 0, 0, 0}, + }; + + while (1) { + int option_index = 0; + auto c = getopt_long(argc, const_cast<char* const*>(argv), + "h", opts, &option_index); + if (c == -1) + break; + + switch (c) { + case 'h': usage(); break; + default: usage(); + } + } + + argv += optind; + argc -= optind; + + if (argc != 4) + usage(); + + const char* input_path = argv[0]; + const char* output_path = argv[1]; + pkcs12_path = argv[2]; + pkcs12_pass = argv[3]; + + std::string pdf_document; + if (auto fp = fopen(input_path, "rb")) { + int c; + while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) + pdf_document += c; + if (ferror(fp)) + die(1, "%s: %s", input_path, strerror(errno)); + fclose(fp); + } else { + die(1, "%s: %s", input_path, strerror(errno)); + } + + auto err = pdf_sign(pdf_document); + if (!err.empty()) { + die(2, "Error: %s", err.c_str()); + } + + if (auto fp = fopen(output_path, "wb")) { + auto written = fwrite(pdf_document.c_str(), pdf_document.size(), 1, fp); + if (fclose(fp) || written != 1) { + (void) unlink(output_path); + die(3, "%s: %s", output_path, strerror(errno)); + } + fclose(fp); + } else { + die(3, "%s: %s", output_path, strerror(errno)); + } + return 0; +} |