Add a tool to find hot pixels

It works well for my Nikon.

Note that hot pixels can be eliminated in the camera itself,
when you run sensor cleaning immediately after a very long exposure
of darkness.

1 files changed, 210 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/hotpixels.c b/tools/hotpixels.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee1028c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/hotpixels.c
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+//
+// hotpixels.c: look for hot pixels in raw image files
+//
+// Usage: pass a bunch of raw photo images taken with the lens cap on at,
+// e.g., ISO 8000-12800 @ 1/20-1/60, and store the resulting file as,
+// e.g., Nikon D7500.badpixels, which can then be directly used by Rawtherapee.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2023, Přemysl Eric Janouch <p@janouch.name>
+//
+// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+// purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+// WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+// SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+// WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+// OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+// CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+//
+
+#include <libraw.h>
+
+#if LIBRAW_VERSION < LIBRAW_MAKE_VERSION(0, 21, 0)
+#error LibRaw 0.21.0 or newer is required.
+#endif
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+static void *
+xreallocarray(void *o, size_t n, size_t m)
+{
+	if (m && n > SIZE_MAX / m) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "xreallocarray: %s\n", strerror(ENOMEM));
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	void *p = realloc(o, n * m);
+	if (!p && n && m) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "xreallocarray: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	return p;
+}
+
+// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+
+struct coord { ushort x, y; };
+
+static bool
+coord_equals(struct coord a, struct coord b)
+{
+	return a.x == b.x && a.y == b.y;
+}
+
+static int
+coord_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	const struct coord *ca = (const struct coord *) a;
+	const struct coord *cb = (const struct coord *) b;
+	return ca->y != cb->y
+		? (int) ca->y - (int) cb->y
+		: (int) ca->x - (int) cb->x;
+}
+
+struct candidates {
+	struct coord *xy;
+	size_t len;
+	size_t alloc;
+};
+
+static void
+candidates_add(struct candidates *c, ushort x, ushort y)
+{
+	if (c->len == c->alloc) {
+		c->alloc += 64;
+		c->xy = xreallocarray(c->xy, sizeof *c->xy, c->alloc);
+	}
+
+	c->xy[c->len++] = (struct coord) {x, y};
+}
+
+// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+
+// A stretch of zeroes that is assumed to mean start of outliers.
+#define SPAN 10
+
+static const char *
+process_raw(struct candidates *c, const uint8_t *p, size_t len)
+{
+	libraw_data_t *iprc = libraw_init(LIBRAW_OPIONS_NO_DATAERR_CALLBACK);
+	if (!iprc)
+		return "failed to obtain a LibRaw handle";
+
+	int err = 0;
+	if ((err = libraw_open_buffer(iprc, p, len)) ||
+		(err = libraw_unpack(iprc))) {
+		libraw_close(iprc);
+		return libraw_strerror(err);
+	}
+	if (!iprc->rawdata.raw_image) {
+		libraw_close(iprc);
+		return "only Bayer raws are supported, not Foveon";
+	}
+
+	// Make a histogram.
+	uint64_t bins[USHRT_MAX] = {};
+	for (ushort yy = 0; yy < iprc->sizes.height; yy++) {
+		for (ushort xx = 0; xx < iprc->sizes.width; xx++) {
+			ushort y = iprc->sizes.top_margin + yy;
+			ushort x = iprc->sizes.left_margin + xx;
+			bins[iprc->rawdata.raw_image[y * iprc->sizes.raw_width + x]]++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Detecting outliers is not completely straight-forward,
+	// it may help to see the histogram.
+	if (getenv("HOTPIXELS_HISTOGRAM")) {
+		for (ushort i = 0; i < USHRT_MAX; i++)
+			fprintf(stderr, "%u ", (unsigned) bins[i]);
+		fputc('\n', stderr);
+	}
+
+	// Go to the first non-zero pixel value.
+	size_t last = 0;
+	for (; last < USHRT_MAX; last++)
+		if (bins[last])
+			break;
+
+	// Find the last pixel value we assume to not be hot.
+	for (; last < USHRT_MAX - SPAN - 1; last++) {
+		uint64_t nonzero = 0;
+		for (int i = 1; i <= SPAN; i++)
+			nonzero += bins[last + i];
+		if (!nonzero)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	// Store coordinates for all pixels above that value.
+	for (ushort yy = 0; yy < iprc->sizes.height; yy++) {
+		for (ushort xx = 0; xx < iprc->sizes.width; xx++) {
+			ushort y = iprc->sizes.top_margin + yy;
+			ushort x = iprc->sizes.left_margin + xx;
+			if (iprc->rawdata.raw_image[y * iprc->sizes.raw_width + x] > last)
+				candidates_add(c, xx, yy);
+		}
+	}
+
+	libraw_close(iprc);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+
+static const char *
+do_file(struct candidates *c, const char *filename)
+{
+	FILE *fp = fopen(filename, "rb");
+	if (!fp)
+		return strerror(errno);
+
+	uint8_t *data = NULL, buf[256 << 10];
+	size_t n, len = 0;
+	while ((n = fread(buf, sizeof *buf, sizeof buf / sizeof *buf, fp))) {
+		data = xreallocarray(data, len + n, 1);
+		memcpy(data + len, buf, n);
+		len += n;
+	}
+
+	const char *err = ferror(fp)
+		? strerror(errno)
+		: process_raw(c, data, len);
+
+	fclose(fp);
+	free(data);
+	return err;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	struct candidates c = {};
+	for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+		const char *filename = argv[i], *err = do_file(&c, filename);
+		if (err) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", filename, err);
+			return EXIT_FAILURE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	qsort(c.xy, c.len, sizeof *c.xy, coord_cmp);
+
+	// If it is detected in all passed photos, it is probably indeed bad.
+	int count = 1;
+	for (size_t i = 1; i <= c.len; i++) {
+		if (i != c.len && coord_equals(c.xy[i - 1], c.xy[i])) {
+			count++;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (count == argc - 1)
+			printf("%u %u\n", c.xy[i - 1].x, c.xy[i - 1].y);
+
+		count = 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}